Market Package Descriptions(PDF Version) |
Market Package |
Market Package Description |
AD1 - ITS Data Mart |
This market package provides a focused archive that houses data collected and owned by a single agency, district, private sector provider, research institution, or other organization. This focused archive typically includes data covering a single transportation mode and one jurisdiction that is collected from an operational data store and archived for future use. It provides the basic data quality, data privacy, and meta data management common to all ITS archives and provides general query and report access to archive data users. |
AD3 - ITS Virtual Data Warehouse |
This market package provides the same broad access to multimodal, multidimensional data from varied data sources as in the ITS Data Warehouse Market Package, but provides this access using enhanced interoperability between physically distributed ITS archives that are each locally managed. Requests for data that are satisfied by access to a single repository in the ITS Data Warehouse Market Package are parsed by the local archive and dynamically translated to requests to remote archives which relay the data necessary to satisfy the request. |
APTS1 - Transit Vehicle Tracking |
This market package monitors current transit vehicle location using an Automated Vehicle Location System. The location data may be used to determine real time schedule adherence and update the transit system’s schedule in real-time. Vehicle position may be determined either by the vehicle (e.g., through GPS) and relayed to the infrastructure or may be determined directly by the communications infrastructure. A two-way wireless communication link with the Transit Management Subsystem is used for relaying vehicle position and control measures. Fixed route transit systems may also employ beacons along the route to enable position determination and facilitate communications with each vehicle at fixed intervals. The Transit Management Subsystem processes this information, updates the transit schedule and makes real-time schedule information available to the Information Service Provider. |
APTS2 - Transit Fixed-Route Operations |
This market package performs vehicle routing and scheduling, as well as automatic driver assignment and system monitoring for fixed-route transit services. This service determines current schedule performance using AVL data and provides information displays at the Transit Management Subsystem, . Static and real time transit data is exchanged with Information Service Providers where it is integrated with that from other transportation modes (e.g. rail, ferry, air) to provide the public with integrated and personalized dynamic schedules. |
APTS3 - Demand Response Transit Operations |
This market package performs vehicle routing and scheduling as well as automatic driver assignment and monitoring for demand responsive transit services. This package monitors the current status of the transit fleet and supports allocation of these fleet resources to service incoming requests for transit service while also considering traffic conditions. The Transit Management Subsystem provides the necessary data processing and information display to assist the transit operator in making optimal use of the transit fleet. This service includes the capability for a traveler request for personalized transit services to be made through the Information Service Provider (ISP) Subsystem. The ISP may be either be operated by transit management center or be independently owned and operated by a separate service provider. In the first scenario, the traveler makes a direct request to a specific paratransit service. In the second scenario, a third party service provider determines the paratransit service is a viable means of satisfying a traveler request and makes a reservation for the traveler. |
APTS4 - Transit Passenger and Fare Management |
This market package manages passenger loading and fare payments on-board vehicles using electronic means. It allows transit users to use a traveler card or other electronic payment device. Sensors mounted on the vehicle permit the driver and central operations to determine vehicle loads, and readers located either in the infrastructure or on-board the transit vehicle allow electronic fare payment. Data is processed, stored, and displayed on the transit vehicle and communicated as needed to the Transit Management Subsystem. |
APTS5 - Transit Security |
This market package provides for the physical security of transit passengers. An on-board security system is deployed to perform surveillance and warn of potentially hazardous situations. Public areas (e.g. stops, park and ride lots, stations) are also monitored. Information is communicated to the Transit Management Subsystem using the existing or emerging wireless (vehicle to center) or wireline (area to center) infrastructure. Security related information is also transmitted to the Emergency Management Subsystem when an emergency is identified that requires an external response. Incident information is communicated to the Information Service Provider. |
APTS6 - Transit Maintenance |
This market package supports automatic transit maintenance scheduling and monitoring. On-board condition sensors monitor system status and transmit critical status information to the Transit Management Subsystem. Hardware and software in the Transit Management Subsystem processes this data and schedules preventative and corrective maintenance. |
APTS7 - Multi-modal Coordination |
This market package establishes two way communications between multiple transit and traffic agencies to improve service coordination. Multimodal coordination between transit agencies can increase traveler convenience at transfer points and also improve operating efficiency. Coordination between traffic and transit management is intended to improve on-time performance of the transit system to the extent that this can be accommodated without degrading overall performance of the traffic network. More limited local coordination between the transit vehicle and the individual intersection for signal priority is also supported by this package. |
APTS8 - Transit Traveler Information |
This market package provides transit users at transit stops and on-board transit vehicles with ready access to transit information. The information services include transit stop annunciation, imminent arrival signs, and real-time transit schedule displays that are of general interest to transit users. Systems that provide custom transit trip itineraries and other tailored transit information services are also represented by this market package. |
ATIS1 - Broadcast Traveler Information |
This market package collects traffic conditions, advisories, general public transportation, toll and parking information, incident information, air quality and weather information, and broadly disseminates this information through existing infrastructures and low cost user equipment (e.g., FM subcarrier, cellular data broadcast). The information may be provided directly to travelers or provided to merchants and other traveler service providers so that they can better inform their customers of travel conditions. Different from the market package ATMS6 - Traffic Information Dissemination, which provides localized HAR and DMS information capabilities, ATIS1 provides a wide area digital broadcast service. Successful deployment of this market package relies on availability of real-time traveler information from roadway instrumentation, probe vehicles or other sources. |
ATIS2 - Interactive Traveler Information |
This market package provides tailored information in response to a traveler request. Both real-time interactive request/response systems and information systems that "push" a tailored stream of information to the traveler based on a submitted profile are supported. The traveler can obtain current information regarding traffic conditions, transit services, ride share/ride match, parking management, and pricing information. A range of two-way wide-area wireless and wireline communications systems may be used to support the required data communications between the traveler and Information Service Provider. A variety of interactive devices may be used by the traveler to access information prior to a trip or en route including phone, kiosk, Personal Digital Assistant, personal computer, and a variety of in-vehicle devices. This market package also allows merchants to receive traffic information to their personal devices or remote traveler systems to better inform customers of road travel conditions. Successful deployment of this market package relies on availability of real-time transportation data from roadway instrumentation, probe vehicles or other means. A traveler may also input personal preferences and identification information via a “traveler card” that can convey information to the system about the traveler as well as receive updates from the system so the card can be updated over time. |
ATIS5 - ISP Based Route Guidance |
This market package offers the user pre-trip route planning and turn-by-turn route guidance services. Routes may be based on static information or reflect real time network conditions. Unlike ATIS3 and ATIS4, where the user equipment determines the route, the route determination functions are performed in the Information Service Provider Subsystem in this market package. This approach simplifies the user equipment requirements and can provide the infrastructure better information on which to predict future traffic. The package includes two way data communications and optionally also equips the vehicle with the databases, location determination capability, and display technology to support turn by turn route guidance. |
ATMS01 - Network Surveillance |
This market package includes traffic detectors, other surveillance equipment, the supporting field equipment, and wireline communications to transmit the collected data back to the Traffic Management Subsystem. The derived data can be used locally such as when traffic detectors are connected directly to a signal control system or remotely (e.g., when a CCTV system sends data back to the Traffic Management Subsystem). The data generated by this market package enables traffic managers to monitor traffic and road conditions, identify and verify incidents, detect faults in indicator operations, and collect census data for traffic strategy development and long range planning. The collected data can also be analyzed and made available to users and the Information Service Provider Subsystem. |
ATMS02 - Probe Surveillance |
This market package provides an alternative approach for surveillance of the roadway network. Two general implementation paths are supported by this market package: 1) wide-area wireless communications between the vehicle and Information Service Provider is used to communicate current vehicle location and status, and 2) dedicated short range communications between the vehicle and roadside is used to provide equivalent information directly to the Traffic Management Subsystem. The first approach leverages wide area communications equipment that may already be in the vehicle to support personal safety and advanced traveler information services. The second approach utilizes vehicle equipment that supports toll collection, in-vehicle signing, and other short range communications applications identified within the architecture. The market package enables traffic managers to monitor road conditions, identify incidents, analyze and reduce the collected data, and make it available to users and private information providers. It requires one of the communications options identified above, roadside beacons and wireline communications for the short range communications option, data reduction software, and utilizes wireline links between the Traffic Management Subsystem and Information Service Provider Subsystem to share the collected information. Both “Opt out” and “Opt in” strategies are available to ensure the user has the ability to turn off the probe functions to ensure individual privacy. Due to the large volume of data collected by probes, data reduction techniques are required, such as the ability to identify and filter out-of-bounds or extreme data reports. |
ATMS03 - Surface Street Control |
This market package provides the central control and monitoring equipment, communication links, and the signal control equipment that support local surface street control and/or arterial traffic management. A range of traffic signal control systems are represented by this market package ranging from static pre-timed control systems to fully traffic responsive systems that dynamically adjust control plans and strategies based on current traffic conditions and priority requests. Additionally, general advisory and traffic control information can be provided to the driver while en route. This market package is generally an intra-jurisdictional package that does not rely on real-time communications between separate control systems to achieve area-wide traffic signal coordination. Systems that achieve coordination across jurisdictions by using a common time base or other strategies that do not require real time coordination would be represented by this package. This market package is consistent with typical urban traffic signal control systems. |
ATMS04 - Freeway Control |
This market package provides the communications and roadside equipment to support ramp control, lane controls, and interchange control for freeways. Coordination and integration of ramp meters are included as part of this market package. This package is consistent with typical urban traffic freeway control systems. This package incorporates the instrumentation included in the Network Surveillance Market Package to support freeway monitoring and adaptive strategies as an option.
This market package also includes the capability to utilize surveillance information for detection of incidents. Typically, the processing would be performed at a traffic management center; however, developments might allow for point detection with roadway equipment. For example, a CCTV might include the capability to detect an incident based upon image changes. Additionally, this market package allows general advisory and traffic control information to be provided to the driver while en route. |
ATMS05 - HOV Lane Management |
This market package manages HOV lanes by coordinating freeway ramp meters and connector signals with HOV lane usage signals. Preferential treatment is given to HOV lanes using special bypasses, reserved lanes, and exclusive rights-of-way that may vary by time of day. Vehicle occupancy detectors may be installed to verify HOV compliance and to notify enforcement agencies of violations. |
ATMS06 - Traffic Information Dissemination |
This market package allows traffic information to be disseminated to drivers and vehicles using roadway equipment such as dynamic message signs or highway advisory radio. This package provides a tool that can be used to notify drivers of incidents; careful placement of the roadway equipment provides the information at points in the network where the drivers have recourse and can tailor their routes to account for the new information. This package also covers the equipment and interfaces that provide traffic information from a traffic management center to the media (for instance via a direct tie-in between a traffic management center and radio or television station computer systems), Transit Management, Emergency Management, and Information Service Providers. A link to the Maintenance and Construction Management subsystem allows real time information on road/bridge closures due to maintenance and construction activities to be disseminated. |
ATMS07 - Regional Traffic Control |
This market package provides for the sharing of traffic information and control among traffic management centers to support a regional control strategy. This market package advances the Surface Street Control and Freeway Control Market Packages by adding the communications links and integrated control strategies that enable integrated Interjurisdictional traffic control. The nature of optimization and extent of information and control sharing is determined through working arrangements between jurisdictions. This package relies principally on roadside instrumentation supported by the Surface Street Control and Freeway Control Market Packages and adds hardware, software, and wireline communications capabilities to implement traffic management strategies that are coordinated between allied traffic management centers. Several levels of coordination are supported from sharing of information through sharing of control between traffic management centers. |
ATMS08 - Incident Management System |
This market package manages both unexpected incidents and planned events so that the impact to the transportation network and traveler safety is minimized. The market package includes incident detection capabilities through roadside surveillance devices (e.g. CCTV) and through regional coordination with other traffic management, maintenance and construction management and emergency management centers as well as weather service entities and event promoters. Information from these diverse sources are collected and correlated by this market package to detect and verify incidents and implement an appropriate response. This market package supports traffic operations personnel in developing an appropriate response in coordination with emergency management, maintenance and construction management, and other incident response personnel to confirmed incidents. The response may include traffic control strategy modifications or resource coordination between center subsystems. Incident response also includes presentation of information to affected travelers using the Traffic Information Dissemination market package and dissemination of incident information to travelers through the Broadcast Traveler Information or Interactive Traveler Information market packages. The roadside equipment used to detect and verify incidents also allows the operator to monitor incident status as the response unfolds. The coordination with emergency management might be through a CAD system or through other communication with emergency field personnel. The coordination can also extend to tow trucks and other allied response agencies and field service personnel. |
ATMS10 - Electronic Toll Collection |
This market package provides toll operators with the ability to collect tolls electronically and detect and process violations. The fees that are collected may be adjusted to implement demand management strategies. Dedicated short range communication between the roadway equipment and the vehicle is required as well as wireline interfaces between the toll collection equipment and transportation authorities and the financial infrastructure that supports fee collection. Vehicle tags of toll violators are read and electronically posted to vehicle owners. Standards, inter-agency coordination, and financial clearinghouse capabilities enable regional, and ultimately national interoperability for these services.
The toll tags and roadside readers that these systems utilize can also be used to collect road use statistics for highway authorities. This data can be collected as a natural by-product of the toll collection process or collected by separate readers that are dedicated to probe data collection. |
ATMS11 - Emissions Monitoring and Management |
This market package monitors individual vehicle emissions and provides general air quality monitoring using distributed sensors to collect the data. The collected information is transmitted to the emissions management subsystem for processing. Both area wide air quality monitoring and point emissions monitoring are supported by this market package. For area wide monitoring, this market package measures air quality, identifies sectors that are non-compliant with air quality standards, and collects, stores and reports supporting statistical data. For point emissions monitoring, this market package measures tail pipe emissions and identifies vehicles that exceed emissions standards. The gathered information can be used to implement environmentally sensitive TDM programs, policies, and regulations. |
ATMS13 - Standard Railroad Grade Crossing |
This market package manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections (HRIs) where operational requirements do not dictate more advanced features (e.g., where rail operational speeds are less than 80 miles per hour). Both passive (e.g., the crossbuck sign) and active warning systems (e.g., flashing lights and gates) are supported. (Note that passive systems exercise only the single interface between the roadway subsystem and the driver in the architecture definition.) These traditional HRI warning systems may also be augmented with other standard traffic management devices. The warning systems are activated on notification by interfaced wayside equipment of an approaching train. The equipment at the HRI may also be interconnected with adjacent signalized intersections so that local control can be adapted to highway-rail intersection activities. Health monitoring of the HRI equipment and interfaces is performed; detected abnormalities are reported to both highway and railroad officials through wayside interfaces and interfaces to the traffic management subsystem. |
ATMS14 - Advanced Railroad Grade Crossing |
This market package manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections (HRIs) where operational requirements demand advanced features (e.g., where rail operational speeds are greater than 80 miles per hour). This market package includes all capabilities from the Standard Railroad Grade Crossing Market Package and augments these with additional safety features to mitigate the risks associated with higher rail speeds. The active warning systems supported by this market package include positive barrier systems that preclude entrance into the intersection when the barriers are activated. Like the Standard Package, the HRI equipment is activated on notification by wayside interface equipment which detects, or communicates with the approaching train. In this market package, the wayside equipment provides additional information about the arriving train so that the train's direction of travel, estimated time of arrival, and estimated duration of closure may be derived. This enhanced information may be conveyed to the driver prior to, or in context with, warning system activation. This market package also includes additional detection capabilities that enable it to detect an entrapped or otherwise immobilized vehicle within the HRI and provide an immediate notification to highway and railroad officials. |
ATMS15 - Railroad Operations Coordination |
This market package provides an additional level of strategic coordination between rail operations and traffic management centers. Rail operations provides train schedules, maintenance schedules, and any other forecast events that will result in highway-rail intersection (HRI) closures. This information is used to develop forecast HRI closure times and durations that may be used in advanced traffic control strategies or to enhance the quality of traveler information. |
ATMS16 - Parking Facility Management |
This market package provides enhanced monitoring and management of parking facilities. It assists in the management of parking operations, coordinates with transportation authorities, and supports electronic collection of parking fees. This market package collects current parking status, shares this data with Information Service Providers and Traffic Management, and collects parking fees using the same in-vehicle equipment utilized for electronic toll collection or contact or proximity traveler cards used for electronic payment. |
ATMS18 - Reversible Lane Management |
This market package provides for the management of reversible lane facilities. In addition to standard surveillance capabilities, this market package includes sensory functions that detect wrong-way vehicles and other special surveillance capabilities that mitigate safety hazards associated with reversible lanes. The package includes the field equipment, physical lane access controls, and associated control electronics that manage and control these special lanes. This market package also includes the equipment used to electronically reconfigure intersections and manage right-of-way to address dynamic demand changes and special events. |
ATMS20 - Drawbridge Management |
This market package supports systems that manage drawbridges at rivers and canals and other multimodal crossings. (other than railroad grade crossings which are specifically covered by other market packages). The equipment managed by this market package includes control devices (e.g., gates, warning lights, dynamic message signs) at the draw bridge as well as the information systems that keep travelers appraised of current and forecasted draw bridge status. |
CVO01 - Fleet Administration |
This market package provides the capabilities to manage a fleet of commercial vehicles. The Fleet and Freight Management subsystem would provide the route for a commercial vehicle by either utilizing an in-house routing software package or an Information Service Provider. A route would be electronically sent to the commercial vehicle with any appropriate dispatch instructions. The location of the commercial vehicle can be monitored by the Fleet and Freight Management subsystem and routing changes can be made depending on current road network conditions. The Fleet and Freight Management subsystem can process and respond to requests for assistance and general information from the commercial vehicle. The market package also provides the Fleet and Freight Management subsystem with the capability of monitoring on-board vehicle data. |
CVO02 - Freight Administration |
This market package tracks the movement of cargo and monitors the cargo condition. Interconnections are provided to intermodal freight shippers and intermodal freight depots for tracking of cargo from source to destination. |
CVO03 - Electronic Clearance |
This market package provides for automated clearance at roadside check facilities. The roadside check facility communicates with the Commercial Vehicle Administration subsystem to retrieve infrastructure snapshots of critical carrier, vehicle, and driver data to be used to sort passing vehicles. This allows a good driver/vehicle/carrier to pass roadside facilities at highway speeds using transponders and dedicated short range communications to the roadside. Results of roadside clearance activities will be passed on to the Commercial Vehicle Administration. The roadside check facility may be equipped with Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI), weighing sensors, transponder read/write devices and computer workstations. |
CVO04 - CV Administrative Processes |
This market package provides for electronic application, processing, fee collection, issuance, and distribution of CVO credential and tax filing. Through this process, carriers, drivers, and vehicles may be enrolled in the electronic clearance program provided by a separate market package which allows commercial vehicles to be screened at mainline speeds at roadside check facilities. Through this enrollment process, current profile databases are maintained in the Commercial Vehicle Administration subsystem and snapshots of this database are made available to the roadside check facilities at the roadside to support the electronic clearance process. |
CVO06 - Weigh-In-Motion |
This market package provides for high speed weigh-in-motion with or without Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) capabilities. This market package provides the roadside equipment that could be used as a stand-alone system or to augment the Electronic Clearance (CVO03) market package. |
CVO10 - HAZMAT Management |
This market package integrates incident management capabilities with commercial vehicle tracking to assure effective treatment of HAZMAT material and incidents. HAZMAT tracking is performed by the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem. The Emergency Management subsystem is notified by the Commercial Vehicle if an incident occurs and coordinates the response. The response is tailored based on information that is provided as part of the original incident notification or derived from supplemental information provided by the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem. The latter information can be provided prior to the beginning of the trip or gathered following the incident depending on the selected policy and implementation. |
EM1 - Emergency Response |
This market package includes emergency vehicle equipment, equipment used to receive and route emergency calls, and wireless communications that enable safe and rapid deployment of appropriate resources to an emergency. Coordination between Emergency Management Subsystems supports emergency notification and coordinated response between agencies. Existing wide area wireless communications would be utilized between the Emergency Management Subsystem and an Emergency Vehicle to enable an incident command system to be established and supported at the emergency location. Public safety, traffic management, and many other allied agencies may each participate in the coordinated response managed by this package. |
EM2 - Emergency Routing |
This market package supports automated vehicle location and dynamic routing of emergency vehicles. The service also supports coordination with the Traffic Management Subsystem, collecting detailed road network conditions and requesting special priority or other specific emergency traffic control strategies on the selected route(s). The Emergency Management Subsystem provides the routing for the emergency fleet based on real-time traffic conditions. The Emergency Vehicle may also be equipped with dedicated short range communications for local signal preemption. The service provides for information exchange between care facilities and both the Emergency Management Subsystem and emergency vehicles. |
EM4 - Roadway Service Patrols |
This market package supports roadway service patrol vehicles that monitor roads that typically have incidents, offering rapid response to minor incidents (flat tire, accidents, out of gas) to minimize disruption to the traffic stream. If problems are detected, the roadway service patrol vehicles will provide assistance to the motorist (e.g., push a vehicle to the shoulder or median). |
MC01 - Maintenance and Construction Vehicle Tracking |
This market package will track the location of maintenance and construction vehicles and other equipment to ascertain the progress of their activities. These activities can include ensuring the correct roads are being plowed and work activity is being performed at the correct locations. |
MC02 - Maintenance and Construction Vehicle Maintenance |
This market package performs vehicle maintenance scheduling and manages both routine and corrective maintenance activities on vehicles and other maintenance and construction equipment. It includes on-board sensors capable of automatically performing diagnostics for maintenance and construction vehicles, and the systems that collect this diagnostic information and use it to schedule and manage vehicle maintenance. |
MC03 - Road Weather Data Collection |
This market package collects current road and weather conditions using data collected from environmental sensors deployed on and about the roadway (or guideway in the case of transit related rail systems). In addition to fixed sensor stations at the roadside, sensing of the roadway environment can also occur from sensor systems located on Maintenance and Construction Vehicles and on-board sensors provided by auto manufacturers. The collected environmental data is used by the Weather Information Processing and Distribution Market Package to process the information and make decisions on operations. |
MC04 - Weather Information Processing and Distribution |
This market package processes and distributes the environmental information collected from the Road Weather Data Collection market package. This market package uses the environmental data to detect environmental hazards such as icy road conditions, high winds, dense fog, etc. so system operators and decision support systems can make decision on corrective actions to take. The continuing updates of road condition information and current temperatures can be used by system operators to more effectively deploy road maintenance resources, issue general traveler advisories, issue location specific warnings to drivers using the Traffic Information Dissemination market package, and aid operators in scheduling work activity. |
MC05 - Roadway Automated Treatment |
This market package automatically treats a roadway section based on environmental or atmospheric conditions. Treatments include fog dispersion, anti-icing chemicals, etc. The market package includes the environmental sensors that detect adverse conditions, the automated treatment system itself, and driver information systems (e.g., dynamic message signs) that warn drivers when the treatment system is activated. |
MC06 - Winter Maintenance |
This market package supports winter road maintenance including snow plow operations, roadway treatments (e.g., salt spraying and other anti-icing material applications), and other snow and ice control activities. This package monitors environmental conditions and weather forecasts and uses the information to schedule winter maintenance activities, determine the appropriate snow and ice control response, and track and manage response operations. |
MC07 - Roadway Maintenance and Construction |
This market package supports numerous services for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and construction on a roadway system or right-of-way. Maintenance services would include landscape maintenance, hazard removal (roadway debris, dead animals), routine maintenance activities (roadway cleaning, grass cutting), and repair and maintenance of both ITS and non-ITS equipment on the roadway (e.g., signs, traffic controllers, traffic detectors, dynamic message signs, traffic signals, CCTV, etc.). Environmental conditions information is also received from various weather sources to aid in scheduling maintenance and construction activities. |
MC08 - Work Zone Management |
This market package directs activity in work zones, controlling traffic through portable dynamic message signs (DMS) and informing other groups of activity (e.g., ISP, TM, other maintenance and construction centers) for better coordination management. Work zone speeds and delays are provided to the motorist prior to the work zones. |
MC09 - Work Zone Safety Monitoring |
This market package includes systems that improve work crew safety and reduce collisions between the motoring public and maintenance and construction vehicles. This market package detects vehicle intrusions in work zones and warns crew workers and drivers of imminent encroachment or other potential safety hazards. Crew movements are also monitored so that the crew can be warned of movement beyond the designated safe zone. The market package supports both stationary and mobile work zones. The intrusion detection and alarm systems may be collocated or distributed, allowing systems that detect safety issues far upstream from a work zone (e.g., detection of over-dimension vehicles before they enter the work zone). |
MC10 - Maintenance and Construction Activity Coordination |
This market package supports the dissemination of maintenance and construction activity to centers which can utilize it as part of their operations, or to the Information Service Providers who can provide the information to travelers. |